This book is concerned primarily with the fundamental theory underlying the physical and chemical properties of crystalIine semiconductors. After basic introductory material on chemical bonding, electronic band structure, phonons, and electronic transport, some emphasis is placed on surface and interfacial properties, as weil as effects of doping with a variety of impurities. Against this background, the use of such materials in device physics is examined and aspects of materials preparation are discussed briefty. The level of presentation is suitable for postgraduate students and research workers in solid-state physics and chemistry, materials science, and electrical and electronic engineering. Finally, it may be of interest to note that this book originated in a College organized at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, in Spring 1984. P. N. Butcher N. H. March M. P. Tosi vii Contents 1. Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors 1 E. Mooser 1. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2. The Semiconducting Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 3. Bond Approach Versus Band Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 4. Construction of the Localized X by Linear Combination of n Atomic Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. 5. The General Octet Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. 6. The Aufbau-Principle of the Crystal Structure of Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1. 7. A Building Principle for Polyanionic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 I. H. Structural Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. 9. Chemical Bonds and Semiconductivity in Transition-Element Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1. 10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Electronic Band Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 G. Grosso 2. 1. Two Different Strategies for Band-Structure Calculations . . . . . . . 55 2. 2. The Tight-Binding Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .