Jamshd al-Kshs Mift al-isab (Key to Arithmetic) was largely unknown to researchers until the mid-20th century, and has not been translated to English until now. This is the second book in a multi-volume set that finally brings al-Kshs groundbreaking textbook to English audiences in its entirety. As soon as it was studied by modern researchers, it changed some false assumptions about the history of certain topics in mathematics. Written as a textbook for students of mathematics, astronomy, accounting, engineering, and architecture, Miftah covers a wide range of topics in arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. By sharing al-Kshs most comprehensive work with a wider audience, this book will help establish a more complete history of mathematics, and extend al-Kshs influence into the 21st century and beyond. The book opens by briefly recounting al-Kshs biography, so as to situate readers in the works rich historical context. His impressivestatus in the kingdom of Ulugh Beg is detailed, as well as his contributions to both mathematics and astronomy. As a master calculator and astronomer, al-Kshs calculations of 2 and sin(1) were by far the most accurate for almost two centuries. His law of cosines is still studied in schools today. This translation contributes to the understanding and appreciation of al-Kshs esteemed place in the scientific world. A side-by-side presentation of the source manuscriptone of the oldest known copiesand the English translation is provided on each page. Detailed footnotes are also provided throughout, which will offer readers an even deeper look at the texts mathematical and historical basis. Researchers and students of the history of mathematics will find this volume indispensable in filling in a frequently overlooked time period and region. This volume will also provide anybody interested in the history of Islamic culture with an insightful look at one of the mathematical worlds most neglected figures.