Irrometer, 200SS-X, Model 200SS Watermark Soil Moisture Sensor without Wire, leadIn use since 1978, the patented Watermark sensor is a solid-state electrical resistance sensing device that is used to measure soil water tension. As the tension changes with water content the resistance changes as well. That resistance can be measured using the Watermark Sensor. The Watermark Meter or Monitor correlates the resistance to centibars (cb) or kilopascals (kPa) of soil water tension.The Watermark is designed to be a permanent sensor, placed in the soil to be monitored and 'read' as often as necessary with a portable or stationary device. Internally installed gypsum provides some buffering for the effect of salinity levels normally found in irrigated agricultural crops and landscapes.Includes:Model 200SS WATERMark SensorFeatures:Proven stable calibrationRange of measurement from 0 to 239 cb (kPa)Fully solid-stateWill not dissolve in soilNot affected by freezing temperaturesInternally compensated for commonly found salinity levelsInexpensive, easy to install and useCompatible with AC or DC reading devices (specialized circuit required)No maintenance requiredApplications:Irrigation SchedulingWater Table Monitoring Leak DetectionAgronomy ResearchEnvironmental MonitoringAnywhere you need to know when or if the soil moisture status is changingOperating PrincipleThe Watermark sensor is a resistive device that responds to changes in soil moisture. Once planted in the soil, it exchanges water with the surrounding soil thus staying in equilibrium with it. Soil water is an electrical conductor thereby providing a relative indication of the soil moisture status. As the soil dries, water is removed from the sensor and the resistance measurement increases. Conversely, when the soil is rewetted, the resistance lowers.The Watermark sensor is unique in that it takes its resistive measurement within a defined and consistent internal matrix material, rather than using the surrounding soil as the measurement medium. This unique feature allows the sensor to have a stable and consistent calibration that does not need to be established for every installation.The relationship of ohm of resistance to centibars (cb) or kilopascals (kPa) of soil water tension is constant and built into the reading devices that are used to interrogate the sensor. The sensor is calibrated to report soil water tension, or matric potential, which is the best reference of how readily available soil water is to a plant. The Watermark sensor consists of stainless steel electrodes imbedded in a defined and consistent internal granular matrix material that acts like a soil in the way it moves water. This matrix is encased in a hydrophilic material that establishes good hydraulic conductivity with the surrounding soil and is held in place by a durable stainless steel perforated shell with plastic end caps.Specification Information The soil moisture measurement device, or sensor, shall represent soil moisture status in units of soil water tension or matric potential, registering in centibars (cb) or kilopascals (kPa) when read with a compatible reading device. Its construction shall be of the Granular Matrix Sensor (GMS) type and require no on-site calibration or routine maintenance. It shall be durable, long-lasting, not subject to dissolving in a wet soil environment with an outer surface of stainless steel and ABS plastic. It shall be the Watermark sensor as manufactured by the Irrometer Company, Inc. of Riverside, California.Installation Examples:.