All Around Suboptimal Health

This volume demonstrates advanced strategies in biomedical sciences and healthcare focused on suboptimal health conditions in the framework of Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (3PM/PPPM). Potential benefits in healthcare systems and for society at large include but are not restricted to an improved life-quality of major populations and socio-economical groups, advanced professionalism of healthcare-givers and sustainable healthcare economy. Reactive medical services applied to healthcare resulted in epidemics of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 with currently about a half of billion patients registered worldwide. Far-reaching consequences are cascading co-morbidities with poor prognosis such as severe cardiovascular and neurological disorders, eye pathologies (e.g., proliferative diabetic retinopathy as the world leading cause of blindness) and several types of cancer, amongst others. Corresponding socio-economic burden istremendous. The paradigm changes from reactive medicine to PPPM propagated by EPMA is, therefore, pivotal for advanced healthcare to improve the economy of medical services, life quality of populations and individual outcomes. To this end, individuals with suboptimal health condition comprise the target group for predictive diagnostics and cost-effective personalised treatments to protect affected individuals and sub-populations against health-to-disease transition, a window of opportunity for PPPM. This goal is of highest priority benefiting millions of people and societies at large.